Relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Una revisión narrativa / Relationship between microbiota composition and essential hypertension. A narrative review

La hipertensión arterial esencial es una patología de alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, y uno de los determinantes más significativos para enfermedad cardiovascular. Por otra parte, se ha generado un gran interés por la microbiota del cuerpo, y la forma en que se ve alterada por factores tanto internos como externos, ocasionando disbiosis. En la actualidad se viene estudiando el efecto de la microbiota en diferentes enfermedades, entre ellas, la relación entre la microbiota y la hipertensión. En este artículo se hizo una revisión de la literatura, entre 2010 a 2021, con el objetivo de identificar la evidencia científica que sustenta la relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Se encontró en muchos estudios que los hipertensos tenían una diversidad menor de la microbiota, en comparación con los grupos de control sanos. En los hipertensos se encontraron principalmente bacterias del género Prevotella y en el grupo control predominaba el género Bacteroidetes. Adicionalmente, se observó una disminución de Faecalibacterium, Roseburia y Bifidobacterium en el grupo de hipertensos. Existen varias técnicas de laboratorio para el reconocimiento de la población bacteriana del intestino, tales como la secuenciación de la subunidad de ARNr 16S, la secuenciación del genoma completo y la metagenómica de la microbiota. A pesar de que los estudios realizados sobre la relación microbiota e hipertensión concluyen que existe una relación significativa entre ambas, es necesario hacer más investigaciones en diferentes grupos poblacionales

Essential arterial hypertension is a highly prevalent pathology worldwide and is one of the most significant determinants of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, great interest has been generated in the microbiota of the body, and how it is altered by both internal and external factors, causing dysbiosis. Currently, the effect of the microbiota in different diseases is being studied, including the relationship between the microbiota and hypertension. In this article, a review of the literature was made, between 2010 and 2021, with the objective of identifying the scientific evidence that supports the relationship between the composition of the microbiota and essential arterial hypertension. It was found in many studies that individuals with high blood pressure had lower microbiota diversity compared to healthy control groups. In hypertensive patients, bacteria of the genus Prevotella were mainly found, while in the control group the genus Bacteroidetes predominated. Additionally, a decrease in Faecalibacterium, Roseburia and Bifidobacterium was observed in the hypertensive group. There are several laboratory techniques for the analysis of the intestinal bacterial population, such as 16S rRNA subunit sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and microbiota metagenomics. Despite the fact that the studies conclude that there is a significant relationship between microbiota and hypertension, it is necessary to do more research in different population groups

Neumonía atípica en niños: Detección serológica y molecular de Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Revisión Sistemática / Atypical pneumonia in children: serological and molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Systematic Review

M. pneumoniae es un agente etiológico importante para neumonía atípica en niños. Por sus características inmunogénicas, la presentación clínica no alcanza una certeza diagnóstica. Métodos comunes usados para cuadros de etiología diferente, no producen en este caso hallazgos facilitadores del diagnóstico que generen decisiones terapéuticas apropiadas. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la utilidad del uso de la PCR y serología IgM para M. pneumoniae en niños, conociendo que son las técnicas más usadas. Método: Con la estrategia Pico se buscó material científico en bases de datos Pubmed, Embase, Chrocane; verificando términos Mesh y Decs. Criterios de exclusión: abstracts, otros microorganismos, población adulta, pruebas de laboratorio diferentes, reportes de caso y cartas al editor. Es importante detectar M. pneumoniae por la aparición de cepas resistentes al tratamiento con macrólidos; secundario a no tener pruebas confiables. La serología, no es altamente sensible en etapas iniciales; pero, mediante pruebas pareadas se confirma el diagnóstico. Para agilizar la detección proponen la PCR; dependiendo de ciertas condiciones, podría hacerse diagnóstico. Si no se logran los requerimientos necesarios, el uso de los dos test resulta confiable. En conclusión, No hay superioridad de un test específico; algunos autores sugieren las dos pruebas para un diagnóstico rápido y evitar la resistencia por uso indiscriminado de antibióticos

M. pneumoniae is an important etiologic agent for atypical pneumonia in children. Due to its immunogenic characteristics, the clinical signs do not reach diagnostic certainty. Common methods used for different etiology do not produce diagnostic facilitating findings for therapeutic decisions. The objective of this review is to describe the usefulness of PCR and IgM serology for M. pneumoniae in children, considering that these are the most used techniques. Making use of the Pico strategy, scientific material was searched in PubMed, Embase, Chrocane databases; verifying terms Mesh and Decs. Exclusion criteria: abstracts, other microorganisms, adult population, different laboratory tests, case reports and letters to the editor. It is important to detect M. pneumoniae by the appearance of resistant to macrolide treatment microorganisms; secondary to not having reliable labs. Serology is not highly sensitive, in early stages; but, with paired tests, it confirms the diagnosis. To expedite detection, some propose PCR; depending on certain conditions, it could make a diagnosis. If the necessary requirements are not achieved, the use of the two tests is reliable. In conclusion, there is no superiority of a specific test; some studies suggest both tests for a rapid diagnosis and avoid resistance by indiscriminate use of antibiotics

Neumonía atípica en niños: Detección serológica y molecular de Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Revisión Sistemática / Atypical pneumonia in children: serological and molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Systematic Review

M. pneumoniae es un agente etiológico importante para neumonía atípica en niños. Por sus características inmunogénicas, la presentación clínica no alcanza una certeza diagnóstica. Métodos comunes usados para cuadros de etiología diferente, no producen en este caso hallazgos facilitadores del diagnóstico que generen decisiones terapéuticas apropiadas. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la utilidad del uso de la PCR y serología IgM para M. pneumoniae en niños, conociendo que son las técnicas más usadas. Método: Con la estrategia Pico se buscó material científico en bases de datos Pubmed, Embase, Chrocane; verificando términos Mesh y Decs. Criterios de exclusión: abstracts, otros microorganismos, población adulta, pruebas de laboratorio diferentes, reportes de caso y cartas al editor. Es importante detectar M. pneumoniae por la aparición de cepas resistentes al tratamiento con macrólidos; secundario a no tener pruebas confiables. La serología, no es altamente sensible en etapas iniciales; pero, mediante pruebas pareadas se confirma el diagnóstico. Para agilizar la detección proponen la PCR; dependiendo de ciertas condiciones, podría hacerse diagnóstico. Si no se logran los requerimientos necesarios, el uso de los dos test resulta confiable. En conclusión, No hay superioridad de un test específico; algunos autores sugieren las dos pruebas para un diagnóstico rápido y evitar la resistencia por uso indiscriminado de antibióticos

M. pneumoniae is an important etiologic agent for atypical pneumonia in children. Due to its immunogenic characteristics, the clinical signs do not reach diagnostic certainty. Common methods used for different etiology do not produce diagnostic facilitating findings for therapeutic decisions. The objective of this review is to describe the usefulness of PCR and IgM serology for M. pneumoniae in children, considering that these are the most used techniques. Making use of the Pico strategy, scientific material was searched in PubMed, Embase, Chrocane databases; verifying terms Mesh and Decs. Exclusion criteria: abstracts, other microorganisms, adult population, different laboratory tests, case reports and letters to the editor. It is important to detect M. pneumoniae by the appearance of resistant to macrolide treatment microorganisms; secondary to not having reliable labs. Serology is not highly sensitive, in early stages; but, with paired tests, it confirms the diagnosis. To expedite detection, some propose PCR; depending on certain conditions, it could make a diagnosis. If the necessary requirements are not achieved, the use of the two tests is reliable. In conclusion, there is no superiority of a specific test; some studies suggest both tests for a rapid diagnosis and avoid resistance by indiscriminate use of antibiotics

Frequency analysis of the g.7081T>G/A and g.10872T>G polymorphisms in the FCGR3A gene (CD16A) using nested PCR and their functional specific effects.

Polymorphic variants p.66L>R/H (g.7081T>G/A; rs10127939) and p.176F>V (g.10872T>G; rs396991) in FCGR3A (CD16A) have been associated with defects in cytotoxic function of natural killer (NK) cells in humans. Genotyping of these variants in genomic DNA has been ambiguous because of high degree of homology between FCGR3A and FCGR3B. We designed a strategy to genotype these polymorphisms and to evaluate their effects on NK cells' cytotoxic activity. One hundred and fifteen individuals from different geographical regions of Colombia were included. Specific primers were designed to amplify FCGR3A exons 4 and 5 encompassing g.7081T>G/A and g.10872T>G by long-range and nested polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The binding of different monoclonal antibodies to CD16A and NK antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were evaluated. We demonstrate that amplifying and sequencing FCGR3A allows genotyping of g.7081T>G/A and g.10872T>G without interference from FCGR3B. Allele frequencies in our population were as follows: 7081T = 0.895, 7081G = 0.065, 7081 A = 0.039, 10872T = 0.673, and 10872G = 0.326. We also observed linkage disequilibrium between variants 7081T and 10872G. Interestingly, 176FF variant affected the reactivity of MEM154 monoclonal antibody against CD16A, but it did not affect ADCC. Our studies aimed to determine whether clinical association exists between these polymorphisms and NK cell function defects in patients with compatible phenotypes.

Edema agudo hemorrágico de la infancia / Acute hemorrhagic childhood edema

Resumen El edema agudo hemorrágico de la infancia es una vasculitis leucocito-clástica aguda que afecta a niños hasta los dos años y está caracterizado por la aparición de lesiones purpúricas tipo pápulas y placas en forma de diana, edema en miembros inferiores y fiebre de bajo grado. Se trata de un cuadro benigno y autolimitado, por lo cual su manejo es sintomático. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir un caso de edema agudo hemorrágico y discutir su presentación con la literatura actual. Presentamos un caso clínico de una niña de dos años quien es llevada a la consulta por un cuadro de edema y lesiones equimóticas en maléolos, asociado a síntomas respiratorios de dos meses de evolución. Posteriormente, aparecieron lesiones cutáneas, purpúricas, simétricas, de predominio en miembros inferiores, tipo rosetas, sobreelevados y confluyentes, asociadas a prurito y lesiones similares en brazos, sin compromiso del estado general. Los exámenes de laboratorio mostraron una velocidad de sedimentación glomerular y proteína C reactiva elevadas e IgM positiva para Mycoplasma, así como vas-culitis leucocitoclástica en una biopsia de piel. Se realizó tratamiento para el cuadro respiratorio y el prurito. El cuadro remitió en forma espontánea sin recurrencias posteriores. El diagnóstico correcto del edema agudo hemorrágico de la infancia es fundamental para disminuir el subdiagnóstico, evitar gastos médicos y antibioticoterapia innecesaria.

Abstract Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is an acute leukocytoclastic vasculi-tis, that affects children up to 2 years old, characterized by the appearance of purpura papules and plaques in the form of a bulls-eye, lower limb edema and low-grade fever; It is a benign and self-limiting disease so its management is symptomatic. The aim of this report is to describe a case acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy and to discuss their presentation with the current scientific literature. We report the clinical case of a 2 years-old girl, who consulted for edema and ecchymotic lesions on the malleolus, with a 2-month history of respiratory symptoms associated. Thereafter, coalesced and symmetrical purpuric skin lesions predominantly in lower limbs, rosettes type and raised associated with itching and similar injuries in arms, without effecting general wellbeing. Laboratory tests showed an elevated sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, IgM positive for Mycoplasma, and leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the skin biopsy. Differential diagnoses were discarded. Treatment for respiratory symptoms and pruritus was performed. The clinical manifestation disappeared spontaneously without further recurrences. The correct diagnosis of the disease is essential to reduce sub-diagnosis, avoiding unnecessary medical expenses and antibiotic therapy.

Human CD56dimCD16dim Cells As an Individualized Natural Killer Cell Subset.

Human natural killer (NK) cells can be subdivided in several subpopulations on the basis of the relative expression of the adhesion molecule CD56 and the activating receptor CD16. Whereas blood CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells are classically viewed as immature precursors and cytokine producers, the larger CD56dimCD16bright subset is considered as the most cytotoxic one. In peripheral blood of healthy donors, we noticed the existence of a population of CD56dimCD16dim NK cells that was frequently higher in number than the CD56bright subsets and even expanded in occasional control donors but also in transporter associated with antigen processing-deficient patients, two familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type II patients, and several common variable immunodeficiency patients. This population was detected but globally reduced in a longitudinal cohort of 18 HIV-1-infected individuals. Phenotypically, the new subset contained a high percentage of relatively immature cells, as reflected by a significantly stronger representation of NKG2A+ and CD57- cells compared to their CD56dimCD16bright counterparts. The phenotype of the CD56dimCD16dim population was differentially affected by HIV-1 infection as compared to the other NK cell subsets and only partly restored to normal by antiretroviral therapy. From the functional point of view, sorted CD56dimCD16dim cells degranulated more than CD56dimCD16bright cells but less than CD56dimCD16- NK cells. The population was also identified in various organs of immunodeficient mice with a human immune system ("humanized" mice) reconstituted from human cord blood stem cells. In conclusion, the CD56dimCD16dim NK cell subpopulation displays distinct phenotypic and functional features. It remains to be clarified if these cells are the immediate precursors of the CD56dimCD16bright subset or placed somewhere else in the NK cell differentiation and maturation pathway.

Síndrome de hipersensibilidad a medicamentos con exantema, eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos inducido por carbamazepina / Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome induced by carbamazepine: Case report

RESUMEN El síndrome de hipersensibilidad a medicamentos, con exantema, eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos (Drug Rash Eosinophylia with Systemic Symptoms, DRESS) es una reacción a diferentes medicamentos, principalmente anticonvulsivos, el cual cursa con compromiso sistémico y lesiones eritematosas, al igual que ocurre en diversas dermatosis por reacción a medicamentos. Este síndrome es una condición clínica poco frecuente, cuyo diagnóstico requiere un alto grado de sospecha por parte del personal clínico. Si no se hace un diagnóstico oportuno y se suministra el tratamiento adecuado, puede confundirse con otros tipos de alergias a medicamentos que implican riesgo de muerte. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 22 años de edad con alteración del neurodesarrollo a quien se le inició tratamiento con carbamazepina. Dos meses después consultó debido a la aparición de síntomas generales y lesiones eritematosas en la piel, inicialmente en el tronco. En la atención ambulatoria se le prescribieron antihistamínicos y antipiréticos, con los cuales no mejoró adecuadamente; su condición empeoró, con la aparición de lesiones en la piel y síntomas sistémicos propios del síndrome DRESS. Al cabo del tratamiento farmacológico administrado durante su hospitalización según los lineamientos recomendados, las manifestaciones y complicaciones asociadas con el síndrome remitieron, la administración de esteroides pudo reducirse gradualmente y, finalmente, el paciente fue dado de alta.

ABSTRACT Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a hypersensitivity reaction associated with a variety of drugs, mainly anticonvulsants, which is characterized by systemic symptoms and erythematous lesions, common to other toxicodermas. It is an uncommon clinical entity that requires a high suspicion by clinical staff given its varied initial presentation, and the fact that symptoms can overlap with those of other adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. Without early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, mortality increases. We report the case of a 22-year-old patient with impaired neurodevelopment who received treatment with carbamazepine. Two months later he presented with general symptoms and skin erythematous lesions that began on his trunk. The patient received outpatient care with antihistamines and antipyretics without an appropriate response. His case progressed with increased skin lesions and systemic symptoms that met the diagnostic criteria for DRESS syndrome. He was hospitalized and received medical treatment according to recommended guidelines. The patient's condition improved as his symptoms and associated complications resolved. He was discharged with gradual clearing of the steroid therapy.

[Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome induced by carbamazepine: Case report].

Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a hypersensitivity reaction associated with a variety of drugs, mainly anticonvulsants, which is characterized by systemic symptoms and erythematous lesions, common to other toxicodermas. It is an uncommon clinical entity that requires a high suspicion by clinical staff given its varied initial presentation, and the fact that symptoms can overlap with those of other adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. Without early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, mortality increases.We report the case of a 22-year-old patient with impaired neurodevelopment who received treatment with carbamazepine. Two months later he presented with general symptoms and skin erythematous lesions that began on his trunk. The patient received outpatient care with antihistamines and antipyretics without an appropriate response. His case progressed with increased skin lesions and systemic symptoms that met the diagnostic criteria for DRESS syndrome. He was hospitalized and received medical treatment according to recommended guidelines. The patient's condition improved as his symptoms and associated complications resolved. He was discharged with gradual clearing of the steroid therapy.

Tosferina: una enfermedad reemergente que merece atención: [Editorial] / Pertussis: a reemerging disease that deserves attention: [Editorial]

La tosferina es un enfermedad infectocontagiosa causada por un tipo de bacteriallamada Bordetella pertussis, la cual puede ser grave y letal si no se trata a tiempo. La mayoría de los casos fatales ocurren en pacientes menores de un año de edad y el 90% se produce en menores de seis meses, siendo ésta la gran población en riesgo para desarrollar tosferina maligna.La introducción de la vacuna en la década de los cincuenta y sesenta disminuyó de manera importante la morbilidad y mortalidad de la enfermedad en la poblacióninfantil en países industrializados. Sin embargo, a pesar de la extensión de la vacunación, se ha visto un incremento de su incidencia en las últimas dos décadas. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) existe una alta carga de tosferina en los países en desarrollo, convirtiéndola en una de las principales causas de muertes prevenibles por vacunas en el mundo. Así mismo,la OMS estima una ocurrencia de cincuenta millones de casos y 300.000 fallecimientos anuales, con una letalidad del 4% en los países en desarrollo.Por su parte, Colombia no está exenta de este mismo contexto ya que, aunque a partir de 1993 la cobertura de la vacunación con DPT aumentó en un 53% y en los últimos cinco años se ha mantenido en un 80%, en los últimos reportes del año 2011-2012 se evidencian nuevos brotes de tosferina atípicos en grupos poblacionales diferentes a los menores de un año, lo cual enciende una alertaen todos los actores de la gestión de política en salud de nuestro país que propenda en una mejor vigilancia, la ampliación de la cobertura a otros grupos poblacionales y el diagnóstico de la enfermedad...

A novel pathogenic variant in PRF1 associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis type 2 (FHL2) results from mutations in PRF1. We described two unrelated individuals who presented with FHL, in whom severely impaired NK cytotoxicity and decrease perforin expression was observed. DNA sequencing of PRF1 demonstrated that both were not only heterozygous for the p.54R > C/91A > V haplotype but also presented with the novel variant p.47G > V at the perforin protein. Perforin mRNA was found to be increased in a individual with that genotype. A carrier of the novel variant also demonstrated altered perforin mRNA and protein expression. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple alignments with perforin orthologous demonstrated a high level of conservation at Gly47. PolyPhen-2 and PROVEAN predicted p.47G > V to be "probably damaging" and "deleterious", respectively. A thermodynamic analysis showed that this variant was highly stabilizing, decreasing the protein internal energy. The ab initio perforin molecular modeling indicated that Gly47 is buried inside the hydrophobic core of the MACPF domain, which is crucial for the lytic pore formation and protein oligomerization. After the in silico induction of the p.47G > V mutation, Val47 increased the interactions with the surrounding amino acids due to its size and physical properties, avoiding a proper conformational change of the domain. To our knowledge, this is the first description supporting that p.47G > V is a pathogenic variant that in conjunction with p.54R > C/91A > V might result in the clinical phenotype of FHL2.

[Trypanosoma rangeli parasite-vector-vertebrate interactions and their relationship to the systematics and epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis]. / Interacción tripanosoma-vector-vertebrado y su relación con la sistemática y la epidemiología de la tripanosomiasis Americana.

INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma rangeli is a species of trypanosome second to T. cruzi, that is infective to humans in Latin America. Variability in the biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics between different isolates isolates of this parasite have been recorded. OBJECTIVE: Morphological and molecular characteristics were recorded from strains of T. rangeli that were isolated from different species of Rhodnius and maintained in different vertebrate species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen strains of T. rangeli were isolated from R. prolixus, R. pallescens and R. colombiensis in Colombia, R. ecuadoriensis in Peru and R. pallescens in Panama. Polymorphism of blood trypomastigotes in ICR mice was evaluated and pleomorphism of P53 strain of T. rangeli KP1(-) inoculated in mouse, marsupial and canine was studied. RAPD analysis (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis) of 12 strains isolated from four species of Rhodnius was performed. RESULT: Based on the total length of blood trypomastigotes, three discrete groups were observed. The P53 strain showed significant differences in the size of blood trypomastigotes in mouse, marsupial and canine. RAPD analysis showed that the strains segregated into two branches corresponding to strains of T. rangeli KP1(+) and T. rangeli KP1(-). All strains of T. rangeli KP1(-) clustered according to the species of Rhodnius from which they were isolated. CONCLUSION: These data reveal, for the first time, a close association amongst T. rangeli strains and Rhodnius species, confirming that each species of Rhodnius transmits to vertebrate hosts a parasite population with clear phenotypic and genotypic differences. This is further evidence that supports the concept of clonal evolution of these parasites.